How to create simple, robust project plans

绘制路线图时，问问自己下面问题会有所帮助：

• 目的地是什么？
• 如何确定项目何时结束？
• 关注这张路线图的人有谁？
• What milestones will they pass along the way?
• 可能会遇到什么障碍？

• Are there any alternate routes available?

Get a read on organizational politics, difficult personalities, and possible debate points that may arise during the project management process. Larry W. Smith, PMP, Project Manager at the Software Technology Support Center, stresses the importance of stakeholder analysis. According to Smith, everyone wants the project to succeed, but forgetting to meet the needs of just one influential stakeholder could derail even the best-laid plans.

Smith 建议花点时间：

• 明确谁是项目利益相关者
• 了解他们的期望和影响力水平
• 决定在项目进行过程中如何整合来自同行和利益相关者的反馈
• 将所有需求和期望与风险规划和风险响应活动联系起来
• 认真规划所有项目沟通策略

You can't overstate the importance of clear communication. That’s why Bernie Ferguson, Atlassian’s resident project leadership expert, starts communicating with stakeholders in the earliest stages of a project:

“We use the Project Poster technique to build a shared understanding amongst team members and stakeholders. What are we doing? What’s the value to customers and to the business? Why do we think this is the right solution? We get feedback on the answers to all these questions before anything hits the team’s roadmap.” —Bernie Ferguson, Atlassian

Project managers often make the mistake of being overly optimistic. Rather than focusing on the best possible outcome, PMs should consider problems that might arise and how they impact the project management timeline.

Performing essential due diligence, holding a “pre-mortem” workshop, or conducting one-on-one meetings with key stakeholders is a great way to identify potential roadblocks.

Consider sketching out a timeline by asking other project managers how long similar projects took to plan. Meet with teams you’ll work with to understand how long specific project tasks will take. Use project management tools and search project archives for old project schedules.

As the project manager, it’s up to you to deliver the project plan (and, ultimately, the project). But this isn’t about you going off into a cubicle and writing the thing. As you develop the project plan, you must keep all key stakeholders involved. Stay in near-constant contact. You’ll find they’re excellent resources.

By gathering your team’s thoughts and brainstorming ideas together, you can arrive at meaningful conclusions quickly. Team collaboration fosters a sense of communal support and, therefore, yields better project plans.

At Atlassian, we use templates to reduce the overhead associated with the planning process and trigger discussions essential to project-planning best practices. Project plan templates are an excellent way to get people to think about aspects of project management that they may have yet to consider.

Having a good elevator pitch for your project is one thing, but creating a robust and effective plan is an entirely different undertaking. Let’s face it: Mapping out project risks and dependencies isn’t much fun. Atlassian’s powerful templates and helpful prompts allow project managers to think methodically about project plan creation, leading to fewer oversights and enhanced productivity.

选中标记提示：我们的项目计划模板是免费的，任何人都可以使用。我们甚至不会要求您提供电子邮件。点击此处获取 PDF 文件。

Create a problem statement that defines, in no uncertain terms, exactly what you’re trying to accomplish. Next, develop a hypothesis that states what you think should happen due to solving your problem. Then, provide a brief overview of the project’s context and any relevant data or insights that support it. Finally, establish the key metrics you will use to gauge the project’s success. These success metrics are likely to influence various aspects of your plan, shaping its direction and focus.

Ask your team members what they need, as opposed to what’s nice to have or unnecessary. Establishing a clear understanding of the project’s scope early in the planning process, including what is explicitly excluded, minimizes the risk of stakeholder miscommunication. It also aids in determining the appropriate time allocation for project contributors. This clarity makes it easier to identify and manage any changes in the project’s scope as they arise.

Nearly all project plans include details about budgets, project schedules, and scope. But a great plan also answers essential questions about your project, including:

• Resources: What types of skills does the project demand? Who’s available? What’s our budget?
• Decisions: Who will make recommendations? Who will approve or disapprove requests?
• Communications: Who will be responsible for communicating progress and roadblocks?
• Risk: What should team members watch out for? What’s the process for logging and tracking threats?
• Reviews: How are you going to gather feedback before the project ships?
• Approvals: Who else needs to sign off on this? Who is the final decision maker?

• Timing: Do team members’ work schedules fit the project timeline? How was the deadline chosen?

您的计划不必详细说明每个问题，但它应该提供足够的信息，使您能够顺利实施项目，而不会出现很多意外。

选中标记提示：使用 DACI 方法及时针对您的项目做出明智的决策。

Most PMs choose between a waterfall or agile approach to project management. An agile approach delivers results quickly through an iterative process that continuously evaluates project plans, requirements, and results. In this method, we consider time and resources as fixed.

瀑布法是一种线性的按顺序执行的流程，可逐个阶段、逐个团队地向前推进项目。对于该方法，我们认为范围是固定的，而时间和资源仍然保持灵活。

一旦您回答了所有问题、展开了所有讨论，还写了无数张便利贴，就可以写出您的项目计划了。无论是您选择的字词还是格式和设计，都要保持简单。

以下是应在任何计划中包含的有用细节：

• 项目名称
• 交付日期
• 预算
• 计划的目标
• 重点里程碑和预期的可衡量影响
• 每项任务的预计开始和完成时间
• 标注突出显示单个任务的负责人
• 任务细节和注释，以明确应该发生什么

• 标注相互依赖的风险和任务（或团队），以帮助避免延误

项目计划完成后，花时间邀请尚未参与编写流程的人员对其进行审查。拥有另一双眼睛可以帮助发现自然的人为错误。

选中标记提示：估算每项任务的大小时，要抵制深入细节的诱惑。请记住，这些都是有根据的猜测。

您的项目计划一经最终确定并经过全面审查后，就该与积极参与的个人和需要随时了解情况的利益相关者进行分享了。为激动人心的项目启动做好准备，使项目开始实施起来。必须认识到变更和挑战是任何项目不可或缺的一部分，因此做好应对它们的准备至关重要。

在整个项目生命周期中，与您的计划保持密切联系。专注于核心项目要素、预期范围和商定的步骤。这种方法可确保您不偏离方向，并增加成功交付项目的可能性，即使面对意想不到的开发，也能从容应对。