Cronogramas de projeto para melhorar a gestão de projetos
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O cronograma de gestão de projetos é um cronograma detalhado do projeto. Ele descreve todas as tarefas envolvidas e o prazo de cada uma, de modo que toda a equipe possa ver quando as ações individuais vão ser realizadas e quando todo o projeto vai ser concluído.
Você e sua equipe estão reformulando a marca do seu site e todos estão se perguntando uma coisa: quanto tempo esse projeto vai durar?
Vai ser concluído até o final da semana? No fim do trimestre? Vai continuar enquanto você reúne novos depoimentos e ativos para incluir? Vai continuar crescendo cada vez mais?
Determinar quando um projeto vai ser concluído e entregue é difícil, e 48% dos projetos não cumprem a data de conclusão original programada. Um cronograma de gestão de projetos pode manter sua equipe alinhada para evitar que seus projetos se tornem intermináveis.
Como criar um cronograma de gestão de projetos
Desde a promoção de uma atitude de "vamos realizar este projeto juntos" até ajudar sua equipe a se manter organizada, um cronograma de projetos é essencial para concluir projetos sem sobrecarga.
Porém, embora as vantagens sejam evidentes, ainda há uma grande pergunta que precisa ser respondida: como criar um? Siga estas etapas para elaborar um cronograma de projeto que ajude sua equipe a fazer um ótimo trabalho.
1. Understand the project scope
Imagine you’re asked to make a peanut butter and jelly sandwich. Initially, it might seem like a quick task. However, if you then specified that you wanted it on homemade bread from a specific recipe, with a unique jelly only available from a particular farmer's market open on Sunday mornings, and requested that the crust be removed and the sandwich cut into a star shape, suddenly, the process becomes more complex and time-consuming.
This analogy highlights the importance of understanding the scope of a project. The project scope encompasses everything needed to complete the project, including tasks, time, and resources. By identifying all requirements from the outset, you can create a more realistic timeline and proactively address scope creep—when project requirements expand beyond the initial agreement. Scope creep is a common issue, affecting 52% of projects.
To define your scope, you'll figure out your project's:
- Goals: What will your project accomplish?
- OKRs: How will you measure the success of your project?
- Deliverables: What is the output of your project?
- Tasks and activities: What steps must you take to produce those deliverables?
- Exclusions: What won't you complete as part of this project?
- Constraints: What limitations are you working with?
Once you have this information, you can consolidate it into a project scope statement. This statement serves as a reference for you and your team throughout the project, enabling you to focus on the essential aspects while setting aside anything that falls outside the scope.
2. Identify your project tasks
Your project timeline shouldn't revolve around a single end date for the entire project. Instead, you must establish milestone dates for various tasks throughout the project.
To get technical, this process is called creating a Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), which involves breaking down your large project into different deliverables. This approach simplifies the identification of tasks associated with each deliverable.
In our PB&J example, the ultimate deliverable is a finished, gooey, crustless, star-shaped PB&J sandwich. However, several other deliverables must be completed to achieve this final product. These might include:
- Homemade loaf of bread
- Specific jelly from the farmer's market
- Peanut butter
Now that we have identified each of our separate deliverables, it's simpler to discern the tasks associated with each one:
Deliverable #1: Bread
- Choose a bread recipe
- Purchase ingredients to bake bread
- Bake bread
- Give bread an hour to cool
- Slice bread
Deliverable #2: Jelly
- Find the time and location of the farmer's market
- Drive to the farmer's market
- Purchase the jelly
- Return home
Deliverable #3: Peanut butter
- Visit the grocery store
- Purchase the peanut butter
- Return home
Deliverable #4: Finished sandwich
- Gather a knife and other supplies
- Spread peanut butter on one slice of bread
- Spread jelly on another slice of bread
- Put two pieces of bread together
- Remove crust
- Slice the sandwich into a star-shape
- Put the sandwich on a plate to serve
Looking at all those steps, it's clear that the process isn't as straightforward as it may seem. While you might initially be tempted to jot everything down on paper to ensure nothing is overlooked, it's essential to make this information accessible to your entire team.
Consider using a collaborative knowledge-sharing platform like Confluence to store notes, responsibilities, and project details. This allows everyone to create consistent documentation that all teammates can access.
3. Assign time estimates to each task
You've outlined your deliverables and their associated tasks, but we haven't discussed time yet, so we're not quite at the stage of creating a timeline. In this step, you'll estimate the time required to complete each task. Review the tasks outlined under each deliverable and estimate the time needed for each one.
It's crucial to involve your project team in this process, as they'll have a more realistic understanding of how long their assigned tasks typically take. This collaboration helps guard against the planning fallacy, which suggests that people tend to underestimate the time required for tasks. Your team can provide valuable insights and act as a reality check to ensure your time estimates are accurate.
4. Put your tasks in order
Now that you have your project tasks and time estimates ready, it's time to arrange them in chronological order to establish a logical sequence for you and your team to follow. As you create this sequence, there are a few key considerations to keep in mind:
- Task and resource dependencies: These are resources or tasks that cannot be used simultaneously or completed until a subsequent task is done. For example, you can't spread the peanut butter until you've baked and sliced the bread.
- Concurrent tasks: Some steps can happen simultaneously, allowing you to save time. For instance, you can run to the farmer's market while the bread is cooling off.
By paying attention to these factors, you can develop a realistic and efficient timeline for your project.
5. List deadlines
It's important to remember that time estimates alone do not constitute a schedule. You must assign firm deadlines to tasks. "This should take three hours" is different from stating, "This task will be completed by Tuesday."
Thankfully, your time estimates will aid in setting more realistic deadlines for your project tasks. To err on the side of caution, include a buffer to ensure you don't cut things too close. Unexpected surprises are inevitable, and you'll appreciate having some flexibility built into the timeline.